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Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) represent a groundbreaking technology that establishes a direct communication pathway between the brain’s electrical activity and external devices, such as computers or robotic limbs. While the concept may seem futuristic, breakthroughs and clinical trials indicate that BCIs are on the verge of commercialisation, with estimates suggesting a market launch as early as 2030. 

Major developments in BCI technology 

The journey towards BCIs began with Hans Berger’s discovery of the brain’s electrical activity and the first electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in the early 20th century. Fast forward to the 21st century, and significant milestones have been achieved. In 2004, Blackrock Neurotech implanted its first device into a patient, marking a pivotal moment in BCI history.  

The 2020s have seen a surge in clinical trials, including Synchron implanting its Stentrode BCI in 2022 for ALS patients, and Precision Neuroscience’s human pilot study in June 2023. Neuralink joined the human clinical trials in January 2024 through its PRIME trial, implanting its BCI with the N1 chip into a quadriplegic patient. 

The timeline continues to evolve, with Apple announcing a BCI Human Interface Device input protocol in May 2025. This allows BCIs to interact with Apple products. Subsequently, Synchron demonstrated its BCI’s ability to control an iPad in August 2025. Apple’s technology highlights the ability to integrate BCIs into everyday technology. 

Key players in the BCI landscape 

Several companies are leading the charge in BCI technology, including Synchron, Blackrock Neurotech, and Neuralink. These companies’ devices have all received the FDA’s breakthrough device designation, which will accelerate the development and review process of devices for serious conditions. 

• Synchron employs a minimally invasive approach, implanting its Stentrode device within the blood vessels on the brain’s surface. With significant funding and a focus on cognitive AI, Synchron is well-positioned for future growth. 

• Blackrock Neurotech boasts a rich history in BCI, having implanted devices in over 40 patients. Notably, it has the longest-serving BCI patient, who has had the device for over nine years, demonstrating its durability despite the initial surgery being more invasive than competitors.  

• Neuralink is known for its N1 chip and the use of a surgical robot for implantation. With substantial funding and ongoing clinical trials, Neuralink aims for regulatory approval by 2029, targeting a significant annual revenue from surgeries.  

There is a growing interest from Big Tech in the development of BCIs, with OpenAI announcing it is leading a $250m investment into BCI start-up, Merger Labs. Merger Labs is aiming to incorporate AI into the BCI space.  

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Future outlook for BCIs 

The future of BCIs appears promising, with Morgan Stanley estimating an early total addressable market (TAM) of $80bn across three million US adults, potentially reaching $320bn with further advancements. Patients with conditions such as ALS, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injuries represent a significant portion of this market. 

As technology evolves, less invasive procedures may pave the way for broader applications, including preventive medicine and mental health treatments. Opportunities abound for BCIs to enhance the lives of patients with degenerative diseases, enabling communication and independence through advanced prosthetics. 

However, the path forward is not without challenges. Data privacy and security concerns, ethical considerations surrounding cognitive liberty, and the need for diverse representation in clinical trials must be addressed. Additionally, the healthcare system will need to adapt to accommodate new insurance policies and reimbursement structures for BCI technologies, as well as ensure that there are enough surgeons to implant the devices. 

In conclusion, brain-computer interfaces are not a distant dream; they are on the cusp of becoming a transformative reality. With ongoing advancements and a growing market, BCIs have the potential to revolutionise how we interact with technology and provide patients with independence to transform their lives.